Prohibition and Al Capone - 858 Words

Out of the turmoil and the collapse of law and order in the 1920’s, perhaps the most recognized figure to emerge from the time is Al Capone. â€Å"The New York Times said of Al Capone that he was the symbol of a shameful era, the monstrous symptom of a disease which was eating into the conscience of America. Looking back on it now, this period of Prohibition in full, ugly flower seems fantastically incredible. Capone himself was incredible, the creation of an ugly dream.† (www.umich.edu) He impacted society through his ruthless tactics, secret alliances, and penetrant for violence typified by the St. Valentine’s Day massacre. Capone controlled many businesses in Chicago such as speakeasies, gambling houses, brothels, horse and race tracks, etc. at an approximated income of $100,000,000 a year. For several years, Al Capone was never convicted for the crimes he committed, and when he did, he had an alibi or there was never sufficient evidence against him. Al Cap one had more power in society than most of the political leaders did during that time period. It took Al Capone his whole life to achieve the power he had in the Roaring 20’s. Alphonsus Capone, best known as Al Capone, was born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn New York. At the age of fourteen, he dropped out of school and became a member of the Five Point Gang in Manhattan. He started to work at a Brooklyn bar called the Harvard Inn, and this is when Al Capone received his nickname â€Å"Scarface† after being in a fight.Show MoreRelatedThe life and accomplishments of Al Capone during the prohibition era in the 1920s.2535 Words   |  11 PagesDuring the prohibition era of the 1920s, if one wasnt an enemy of Alphonse (Al) Scarface Capone, was he, in many eyes, a hero? Due to his savvy street smarts and the corrupt rebellion of the decade, Al Capone was not only a popular commentary of the time, but is now a legend. His classic boy from the ghetto turned generous multi- millionaire story only adds to the heroism seen in this most famous Chicago mobster. Chicagos industries, open spaces and four seasons were an enormous magnet for theRead More Al Capone and Probation Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages Al Capone is the single greatest symbol of collapse of law and order in the United States during the Prohibition Era. The act of Prohibition brought power to Al Capone, which he used to expand his organized crime activities into a stranglehold over the city of Chicago. Liquor trade became very profitable during Prohibition, and the struggle for control over the bootleg empire erupted into a full-scale war between rival gangs in Chicago. Capone gradually came to symbolize all the criminal evils ofRead MoreAl Capone And The St. Valentines Day Massacre1337 Words   |  6 Pageskilled in a warehouse loading zone in Chicago, USA climaxing a huge rivalry between the North Side Gang and Al Capone’s. Capone was one of the most dominant and well-known gan gsters during the Prohibition Era, ranging between 1920 and 1933. Prohibition in Chicago was huge, many people wanted to go out for a drink and have a good time after work but the 18th amendment said otherwise. Capone thought he could take this situation into his own hands by bootlegging beer and liquor throughout Chicago, butRead MoreAmericas Reaction to the Eighteenth Ammendment779 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol. Many of these bootleggers became very rich and influential through selling alcohol, gambling and using other methods. The prohibition era allowed for organized crime to flourish and these practices are still used today. Thus, Prohibition led to the rapid growth of organized crime. The public reaction to the introduction of Prohibition was largely mixed. The prohibition era was thought of to be the end of alcohol in America and which would spark a new and greater society in America. People believedRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone is widely known as the most ruthless gangster in the United States due to his involvement in violence due to the illegalization of the distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcoholRead MoreProhibition and United States Society in 1920s Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition and United States Society in 1920s Prohibition was the legal ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol. It was introduced in 1919 and was viewed as the answer to many of Americas problems. It was thought that the end of alcohol in America would spark a new and greater society in America. People believed that it would reduce crime, drunkenness, violence and that it would reduce families in poverty because the men would not go out spending all the moneyRead MoreProhibition Led to the Rapid Growth of Organized Crime1419 Words   |  6 PagesProhibition Led to the Rapid Growth of Organized Crime Prohibition was a period in which the sale, manufacture, or transport of alcoholic beverages became illegal. It started January 16, 1919 and continued to December 5, 1933. Although it was designed to stop drinking completely, it did not even come close. It simply created a large number of bootleggers who were able to supply the public with illegal alcohol. Many of these bootleggers became very rich and influential through selling alcoholRead MoreThe Prohibiton Era1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe Prohibition Era The 1920’s was a huge, significant time for the United States. One of the most important parts of this time is the Prohibition Era. What is Prohibition? Prohibition is defined as the banning of alcohol use. On July 22nd 1919, this idea was put into action using the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment forbade the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol (Lapsanky-Werner 229). This amendment was enforced by the Volstead Act, named after Andrew Volstead. This act was not veryRead MoreGet Capone: the Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster1696 Words   |  7 PagesGet Capone: The Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster Al Capone. Everyone is bound to hear the name at least once in his or her life. The charming, broad smile, the greenish gray eyes, heavy set, and five foot ten and a half; a seemingly normal man. Until someone notices the scars. A faded purple, still fresh looking, Al Capone’s scars marred the normal face, they gave a glance into the life of the notorious gangster. But who was Mr. Alphonse â€Å"Scarface† Capone? One reporter comments,Read MoreEssay about The Notorious Al Capone1406 Words   |  6 Pagesas the prohibition era entrenched a network of organized crime with some of the most notorious minds and of these included the most well-known, Al Capone. Capone began to take over the Chicago area in 1925 as a young bartender and eventually controlling the criminal network. From bootlegging and racketeering, Al Capone became one of the most influential gangsters in history with control over the judicial and political powers that would soon come to an end as quickly as it started. Capone saw the

The Assassination of Julius Caesar - 1768 Words

Wendy Voong History 101 J.Duran 24 October 2014 The Assassination of Julius Caesar â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar† by Michael Parenti goes into details about the events that lead up to the death of Caesar due to class conflicts. In 44 BC, the assassination of Julius Caesar was lead by conspiring members of the Roman senate who wanted to remove the dictator, who was increasingly acquiring power, and to revive the Republic government. Parentis book protests against the gentlemen historians and the class society that they used to describe the assassination of Julius Caesar. His book also gives us insight about the Late Republic and takes us through the events that were presented in the actions of†¦show more content†¦History was written from the elite perspective because they had the money and the time to do. For example, all political decisions were made by the Senate and the Senate was made up of the rich, wealthy, aristocrats. The Senate were the one who determined farm policy, appointed governors, controlled the republic and the deploymen t of army, appointed military commander, and so much more. Some people wondered how the Senate got elected. The answer is that they were self elected and self appointed because they had the power to do so. Many people who were part of the assembly were wealthy too because many voting units went to the rich, while the proletarian only had a couple votes. The wealthy did not carry any financial burdens because they didn’t have to pay taxes. In fact, their wealth increased through the government. The rich would lend money to the state, and when the state paid back, it was with interest. Just like in todays generations, definite spending and regressive taxes result in the same redistribution of income. Elections in the past are very similar to elections in the modern world. Parenti even stated that â€Å"Elections were contested by candidates who were either wealthy themselves or were bankrolled by wealthy backers† (Parenti 52). Of course, in order to win these elections, candidates often used bribery. He continues by stating that in order for one to increase their chances of winning is byShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1325 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength to fear, dictatorship, and voraciousness. These powerful aristocrats were emperors, sat on the top of Rome’s social order, but many of these emperors abused their status and ability. Roman emperors’ history was all mixed ingredients of love, assassination, vengeance, terror, voracity, jealousy, and haughtiness. The first century AD of the Roman Empire became a perilous period of imperialism because hereditary rule. Emperors in this epoch were not selected based on their skill and trustworthinessRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar1516 Words   |  7 Pagesthree of Satan s apprentices the son, father and holy spirit. He is in the ninth circle of hell for his betrayal against the state of Rome, which ultimately lead to the fall of Rome. He was one of the main conspirators in helping in the assassination of Julius Caesar. His sins have landed him in the most treacherous part of hell where he will be thinking about his actions for an eternity. Brutus was born in Macedonia 85 BCE. He had a happy childhood with a positive upbringing. Brutus had a wealthyRead MoreThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1213 Words   |  5 PagesOn the Ides of March one of the most famous assassinations took place; the assassination of the leader of the Roman republic, Julius Caesar. The death of Julius Caesar allowed Gaius Julius Octavius who would later be given the title Augustus by the senate, to enter the political realm of Rome by accepting his inherited power. But before Augustus could gain any control in Rome he had to defeat his opposition, Mark Antony who also sought to gain control of Rome at the time. Augustus managed to defeatRead MoreThe Assassination of Julius Caesar Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of Julius Caesar The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44BC by conspiring members of the Roman senate was an effort to remove a dictator whose power had grown to extraordinary levels and to revive the Republic government. Caesar’s power span throughout the entire Roman Empire, which during his reign extended from present day Syria, down into parts of Africa, over to Spain, most of France and all of Italy. He had the favor of the people, military and most of the Roman governmentRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar As A Roman Dictator1086 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Caesar was a Roman Dictator who was both loved and hated by those that he ruled over. Throughout the world, he has been written about in a variety of different ways and is portrayed as a politician as well as a selfish dictator. Three â€Å"firsthand† accounts that were written to give us a better understanding of Julius Caesar were â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar†, â€Å"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetoniusà ¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"Plutarch, The Assassination of Julius Caesar, from Marcus Brutus†. We will explore the writingsRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar By Michael Parenti961 Words   |  4 PagesNicholas Okada 10/21/14 APWH Period 4 Book Review: The Assassination of Julius Caesar by Michael Parenti In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti highlights the many significant people and events that characterized the late Roman Republic. Specifically, he focuses on the time period between the election of Tiberius Grachus, to the rise of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. In this account of history, Parenti presents the social, political, and economic aspects of the Roman cultureRead MoreJulius Caesar s Assassination On Rome, Politically And Socially1717 Words   |  7 PagesThis investigation evaluates the question, to what extent did Julius Caesar s assassination affect Rome, politically and socially. Gaius Julius Caesar, famously known for his brilliant military strategies and shrewd political expertise, helped transform the Roman Republic into one of the greatest civilization in the western world. During his reign, Julius Ceasar expanded Rome’s geographical territory across Ancient Europe immensely, conquering areas of present-day France and Britain. The i nvestigationRead MoreJustification of Caesar’s Assassination in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Julius Caesar878 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, wrote the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. The story takes place toward the end of the Roman Republic in 44 BC in Ancient Rome. The play follows the words and actions of the Roman senators, plebeians and their emperor Julius Caesar. As the story begins, readers find out the many of the senators are not pleased with Caesar as a ruler of the Roman people. Two characters, Brutus and Cassius are especially passionate about killing Caesar to end his rule. Through discussing plans andRead MoreGaius Cassius Longinu Part in the Assissination of Julius Ceasar797 Words   |  3 PagesCassius, full name Gaius Cassius Longinus, was recalled as a good soldier with a terrible temper and in politics, irrational and drowned by vanity. In his time he was a Roman senator, also known by his part-taking in the assassination of Julius Caesar. In his early years, he studied philosophy under Archelaus, and was fluent in Greek. His wife, Junia Tertia was the half-sister of co-conspirator Brutus. Cassius served under Crassus, He took part in saving Remnants of the Roman army against theRead MoreJulius Caesar ´s Death: Analysis Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesShould Julius Caesar have been killed? This question has plagued history for years without a real answer. Julius Caesar was corrupt and all powerful, and his death saved Rome. It really is that simple; he declared himself dictator for life and ignored the Senate’s power. A man with that much power can only hurt a nation. Julius Caesar was a blood thirsty man. He fought everyone he could just to extend Rome. (Julius Caesar. ) He savagely killed anyone that got in his way. Many may say that he was

Business Information Systems for Nigel Taylor-MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Information Systemsfor Nigel Taylor. Answer: Introduction Nigel Taylor is an owner of Springfield Animal Hospital. Nigel has decided to renovate the existing practice by constructing an additional wing and more consultation rooms along with a pet grooming area and a training school for the purpose of training pets. Due to such improved facilities, the business of Nigel has started achieving success and he employed a number of veterinary doctors, nurses, and supporting staff as well. His actual concern is the establishment of IT setup which is essential to the practices in order to make the systems shareable across the sites, safety and security of data across the sites, logistical issues such as owner records, pet records, payroll processing, and conducting staff meetings and for various other purposes. He always wished that there could be a facility of booking appointments online through which, owners can utilize it for the purpose of treatment of their pets, pet grooming and accommodation. He also wanted such a system for the customers, w here they could leave their feedback and rating for the services provided by the staff. Moreover, he wanted an automated system for ordering of the consumables for the purpose of hospitals. In order to resolve this purpose, I am being appointed as a consultant in the hospital and my job will be to provide a solution that could address the above mentioned issues and the requirements to be implemented in future. Discussion In order to help SAH management, the adoption of information systems within the organization could help the organization in making adequate utilization of its data, in reducing the workload and also assist in following the necessary regulations. The hospital would be able to use the sophisticated and comprehensive databases that could contain all the essential data about the organization. Such a system can integrate data from various sources which would assist the organization in being up to date with its internal as well as external performances. Development of value added systems and simplification of business processes will also become possible(Davoren, 2017). There are various types of information systems that are generally implemented in business organizations such as Transaction Processing System, Management Information System, Decision Support System and Executive Support System. Daily business operations which involve payroll processes and purchase orders can be performed eff ectively through transaction processing system (Bestpricecomputers, 2017). This system requires interaction of the users with the system in order to gather, store, retrieve or make changes in data (Business Dictionary, 2017; Guru99, 2017). Industry specific management information system can be used to obtain current and historical operational performance data which include sales or inventories related data (Study, 2017; Eller, 2017). This system can create prescheduled reports which can be used by the management of the organization to use in strategic, operational as well as tactical planning and operations (Inc, 2017). Decision support system allows the management to utilize predefined reports in order to support operations planning and problem resolving decisions (Rouse, 2010; Information Builders, 2017; Investopedia, 2017). Executive Support System contains predefined reports that could help the management in identifying long-term trends in support of strategic planning (Webopedi a, 2017). This system also offers analysis tools which can be used to predict the outcomes (Techopedia, 2017), in assessing the performance and for the purpose of calculating statistics on the basis of existing data (Nordmeyer, 2017; Mbaofficial, 2017). There are various business and system specific problems which are being faced by SAH. Nigel is concerned about the complex information system set up which is essential to the practices. He is also worried about the costs that will be incurred for establishing the IT set up. Moreover, making the systems sharable across the sites without any duplication is also an essential requirement of SAH. Furthermore, safety and security of data across sites is also required to maintain data from being corrupted. Logistical issues which include records of owner, records of pets, staff files, their timesheets, payroll processing and conducting staff meetings on regular basis are also required to be taken into consideration. In addition to it, with a dream of having such a system through which customers can book appointments online for the treatment of their pets, their grooming and for accommodation purposes and owners can leave their feedback regarding the services provided by the staff of SAH. An other issue is the existing process which involves accountant who calls around all other practices regarding the order of animal consumables which is required to be automated in order to manage quick supplies of animal consumables in all the clinics. There are various major information requirements of SAH such as clinical and administrative information. In order to serve the clinical aspects, data related to health care personnel is required and for administrative aspect, financial and resources allocation of data is required. For the purpose of effective supply and demand of drugs and also for different tests and samples, completely separate systems of pharmacy and laboratory are required. The pharmacy systems will look after the issues related to drug orders and their preparation scheduling and delivery while laboratory systems will track the accession of samples and tests. Having separate systems can integrate the operation but it does not address the information requirements of the hospital completely. A synergistic approach regarding systems will be an ideal approach in which all the components of the hospital. All the components of hospital eventually share common objectives, thus, it would be better to consider the entire set of the required information as single database shared among all the functions within the hospital. It will maintain consistency in the information as well as in the process of decision making. Therefore, all these significant information requirements would enhance the competitive position of SAH within the hospital industry. Moreover, the costs of establishing information system are also an issue with SAH in managing the business issues and for the purpose of making decision making and accomplishing the information requirements of the hospital. Appropriate management information systems can structure the basic data obtained from the operation of the organization and records into reports in order to provide guidance related to the decisions. Management information systems involve data generated by the performance level and organize it into valuable formats. It contains sales figures, expenses, investments and staff related data. It can also provide accurate reports regarding past performances of the organization. The capability to run scenarios will also be a significant decision making tool for the organization which provides information on other applications also such as spreadsheets. Scenarios show how different variables change according to the decisions and thus management information system will play a significant role in making possible the actual scenarios. Furthermore, it has trend analysis in built or can provide information regarding typical business which will include projections for all the fundamental operating results. Trend analysis will allow showing the results in the existing situation and the way they will change as per the decisions implemented by the hospital management. Additionally, management information system provides data related to the determination of the desired impact of the decisions or there is a requirement of corrective measures to reach the desired objectives. SAH can strategically utilize the Internet, intranet, and extranet in order to get involved with the key stakeholders and to fulfill the communication and collaboration requirements. Intranet comprises of a restricted computer network which is controlled by a single organization. Intranets connect with a number of people and often have their own physical infrastructure distinct from the internet (Webopedia, 2017). However, an extranet comprises of restricted computer network that connects two or more intranets, they can be partially sealed off from the extranets being accessed which allows the organization to reserve the private areas of its intranet. It is also significant from the security point of view because extranets usually run on the international internet as virtual privately owned networks. The internet serves the business through the creation of opportunities for networking, information retrieval, communications, marketing, and sales. It provides information and assists in interacting with the customers, clients, government and provides awareness about the market. However, intranets serve digital communications requirements of the organization and provide a secured space for storing, accessing and developing the electronic systems (KMT, 2017). Utilization of intranet in order to replace the previous business solutions can provide huge benefits in efficiency by enhancing the workflows and reducing the errors(Moussa, 2016). Various specific intranet applications include network folders in which a number of employees can access the same files, offline websites that can be tested for functionality and internal email systems and for instant messaging software. Extranets on the other hand, can connect multiple intranets all together in order to facilitate the cooperation between various other hospitals on joint projects and various initiatives and the information sharing. It also allows data processing application which is developed and maintained by a sin gle organization that is utilized on their intranets as well(Worley Mohrman, 2014). Management information Systems include the software systems along with the entire set of the business related processes and resources which are essential for obtaining information from functional or tactical systems(Kushwaha, Bibhu, Lohani, Singh, 2016). Through this, data can easily be made available in a user friendly and timely manner to the management in order to maintain an appropriate action to be taken by them. Multiple functional systems of the hospital can better be understood by the management employees with the help of management information systems (Harsh, 2017). The requirements of the customers can be fulfilled by using this system. As this system is based on the requirements of the business, customer relationship management systems gather data related to the experiences of the customers (Searchcrm, 2017). Enterprise resources systems gather data related to the entire sales process. However, it is a costlier solution, the result of an MIS project provide value which is worth its cost to the organization. Information system security means to protect the system against unauthorized access, disclosure disruption or modification (Elsevier, 2017; Businessdictionary, 2017). Two major aspects of information system security are securing the system from malicious cyber-attacks and ensuring the integrity of data during critical issues such as server malfunction, physical theft, and offsite backup of data is maintained for resolving such issues. Information systems carry various social changes which might threaten the existing power distributions, money, rights and obligations as well and increases cyber-crimes. The Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) strives to achieve the highest quality, efficiency and dignity in both the processes and the products of professional work and maintain professional competence(Tutorials point, 2017). Summary and Recommendations In order to maintain competitiveness in the hospital industry, SAH should apply management information system in the organization. The implementation of efficient and effective IT setup would resolve the issues related to the information systems such as staff attendance, worksheet, and payroll processes. The practice can be enhanced by appropriate IT system within all the sites and in maintaining the records of staff, pets and their owners. The involvement of internet, intranet and extranet within the information systems would maintain the costs and effectiveness of the system. References Bestpricecomputers. (2017). TPS: Transaction Processing Systems. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Bestpricecomputers.co.uk: https://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/transaction-processing-systems.htm Business Dictionary. (2017). Transaction Processing System. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Businessdictionary.com: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/transaction-processing-system.html Businessdictionary. (2017). Information system. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Businessdictionary.com: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-system.html Davoren, J. (2017). The Three Fundamental Roles of Information Systems in Business. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-fundamental-roles-information-systems-business-23681.html Eller. (2017). What is MIS? Retrieved May 25, 2017, from mis.eller.arizona.edu: https://mis.eller.arizona.edu/what-is-mis Elsevier. (2017). Information Systems. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Journals.elsevier.com/: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/information-systems/ Guru99. (2017). Types of Information System: TPS, DSS Pyramid Diagram. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from www.guru99.com: https://www.guru99.com/mis-types-information-system.html Harsh, S. B. (2017). Management Information Systems. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from departments.agri.huji.ac.il: https://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/economics/gelb-manag-4.pdf Inc. (2017). Management Information Systems (MIS). Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Inc.com: https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/management-information-systems-mis.html Information Builders. (2017). Decision Support Systems DSS (definition). Retrieved May 25, 2017, from www.informationbuilders.com: https://www.informationbuilders.com/decision-support-systems-dss Investopedia. (2017). Decision Support System - DSS. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from www.investopedia.com: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decision-support-system.asp KMT. (2017). The Intranet Extranet. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from www.knowledge-management-tools.net: https://www.knowledge-management-tools.net/intranet-and-extranet.html Kushwaha, P., Bibhu, V., Lohani, B., Singh, D. (2016). Review on information security laws, and ethical issues with online financial system. Mbaofficial. (2017). What is Executive Information System? Explain its Characteristics, Capabilities and Benefits. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from https://www.mbaofficial.com/mba-courses/information-technology/what-is-executive-information-system-explain-its-characteristics-capabilities-and-benefits/ Moussa, M. (2016). Internet, Intranets and Extranets in Organizations: An Integrative Literature Review. SIU Journal of Management, 6(1), 1-39. Nordmeyer, B. (2017). Types of Information Systems in a Business Organization. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-information-systems-business-organization-66974.html Rouse, M. (2010). decision support system . Retrieved May 25, 2017, from searchcio.techtarget.com: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/decision-support-system Searchcrm. (2017). customer relationship management (CRM). Retrieved May 25, 2017, from Searchcrm.techtarget.com: https://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/CRM Study. (2017). Management Information Systems (MIS): Manager Decision-Making Tools. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from study.com: https://study.com/academy/lesson/management-information-systems-mis-manager-decision-making-tools.html Techopedia. (2017). Executive Support System (ESS). Retrieved May 25, 2017, from www.techopedia.com: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/543/executive-support-system-ess Tutorials point. (2017). MIS - Security Ethical Issues. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from tutorialspoint: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_information_system/mis_security_and_ethical_issues.htm Webopedia. (2017). Executive Support System. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from www.webopedia.com: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Executive_Support_System.html Webopedia. (2017). Intranet. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Intranet.html Worley, C. G., Mohrman, S. A. (2014). Is change management obsolete? Organizational Dynamics, 43(3), 214-224.

Supranational Organizations NATO

Introduction A supranational organization refers to a union or a group of companies that have membership in multiple nations. A single business that qualifies this description can also be considered a supranational organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supranational Organizations: NATO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The nations relinquish part of their power through political, financial, and martial alliances with the view of advancing the core agenda of a supranational organization. This highlight suggests that organizations such as OPEC and NATO and unions such as the EU and NAFTA fit the definition of supranational organizations. This paper discusses NATO’s purpose, its current and most significant activities, and its membership. Purpose Supranational organizations advance the discourses of international relations that cover collective interactions that exist between international communities. These societies include homelands, persons, and even states (Nau 19). International organizations push the development agenda in different nations. Martin and Simmons present the subject of international relations as a political science component that deals with issues of foreign affairs, including the contribution of supranational, multinational, and nongovernmental organizations to advancing the global defense, political, money-making, and social agenda (732). North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which is also referred to as North Atlantic Alliance pursues international relations discourses. However, it focuses on enhancing collective defense of member states in response to any external inversion. NATO’s main offices are based in Brussels, Belgium. It was created following the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. At its creation, its purpose was stated as maintaining general security around the globe.Advertising Looking for essay on international relati ons? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, its purpose expanded to include curtailing the exploration of weapons of mass destruction, defense against terrorism following September 11 attacks, and addressing issues of cyber attacks (U.S. Economy par.5). It has also extended its mission to work as a political and military alliance to meet the changing battlefield demands. In this extent, although its main purpose is to ensure security of the member states, it also serves the role of addressing any aggression that emanates from non-member states since any violence threatens peace and stability of North Atlantic region. For example, during the 2014 NATO’s summit, Russia’s inversion of Ukraine was among the organization’s agendas, although Ukraine is not a member of the alliance. Current and Most Significant Activities Since its formation, NATO has engaged in various activities that are consistent with its purpos e. One of its most significant activities was its response to the threat of terrorism to member states by Al-Qaida and Taliban revolts. The efforts of NATO to engage Taliban and al-Qaida insurgents in the war resulted in the spreading of the war into the North West parts of Pakistan. In 2004, NATO forces launched attacks to flash out and kill Taliban militia and al-Qaida insurgents who had sought refuge in Pakistan. This situation led to the emergence of Waziristan insurgency in 2007. In May 2011, the US Navy SEALs managed to execute Osama bin Laden, the key player of al-Qaida. In less than a month following his killing, NATO began to work on a strategy to exit from Afghanistan. During this time, the UN sought to engage the Afghan’s government and the Taliban insurgents in peace talks to restore tranquility so that NATO forces could exit from Afghanistan (Keppel, Jean-Pierre, and Ghazaleh 62). In Afghanistan, it deployed an excess of 84,000 troops during the peak of its opera tions (U.S. Economy par.5)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supranational Organizations: NATO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NATO sent people to train Iraqi forces in the attempt to ensure stability in the Middle East region. It also enforced the ‘no-fly zone’ policy in Libya in 2011 following the passing of ‘Resolution 1973’ of the UN. The resolution called for a ceasefire. It permitted NATO military to take up the role of civilian protection. This move led to the toppling and killing of President Gaddafi. NATO also participated in enforcing the ‘no-fly Zone’ policy in 1992 during the Bosnia war. In 1994, it shot down four airplanes that belonged to Bosnia after they had contravened the ruling. It launched military strikes in Yugoslavia in 1999 and used its ACE force to provide humanitarian support to Kosovo’s refugees. In 2009, NATO participated in an anti-piracy assignment in the Gulf of Aden. Membership Requirements NATO draws its membership mostly from North America and Europe. It has almost 30 associates. Its newest ones are Croatia and the State of Albania, which joined the body in 2009. Others include, â€Å"Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada , Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, and the US† (U.S. Economy par.11). The business of NATO is handled by prime ministers or presidents of member states, ministers in charge of foreign affairs, and chief heads of the respective member states’ defense forces. The influence of member states is enhanced through alliances such as Istanbul Cooperation Initiative, Mediterranean Dialogue, and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (U.S. Economy par.12) Conclusion Formed in 1949, NATO pursues political and military discourses that are a imed at shaping international relations to enhance peace and stability of its member States. This mission involves the prevention and reaction to external inversions, terrorism, and cyber attacks.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization accepts that peacekeeping is becoming a challenging task that needs intervention from external forces. Thus, to enhance territorial integrity of its member states, it seeks alliances across the globe. Globalization has made it the business of all players in the world to ensure long-term peace in the transatlantic region since military forces from nations around this region cannot enhance peace and stability in the area without external assistance. Works Cited Keppel, Gilles, Milelli Jean-Pierre, and Pascale Ghazaleh. Al Qaeda in its own words. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2008. Print. Martin, Lisa, and Beth Simmons. â€Å"Theories and empirical studies of international institutions.† International Organization 52.4(1998): 729–757. Print. Nau, Henry. Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, Ideas. New York, NY: Palgrave, 2008. Print. U.S. Economy. NATO: Purpose, History and Alliances, 2015. Web. https://www.thebalance.com/nato -purpose-history-members-and-alliances-3306116. This essay on Supranational Organizations: NATO was written and submitted by user Brianna Snyder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Business Law Tutorials Essays

Business Law Tutorials Essays Business Law Tutorials Essay Business Law Tutorials Essay On the 3rd of January, David sold the car to Shawn for $125,000. 0. Two days later, Donovan posted a letter to David accepting the offer. David immediately telephoned Donovan to say he had already sold the car to Shawn. Advise Donovan as to his legal position. 2. Alex who is migrating from the island wrote two separate letters offering to sell his furniture. One letter offered to sell his home furniture to Betty for $10,000 and the other letter offered to sell the same furniture to Cecil also for $10,000. The letters were issued on Friday at 9:mama and stated that the offer will be open until Monday at pm. On Monday morning, Betty telephoned Alex asking If she could pay $8,000 and he ejected this. Betty later wrote a letter stating she accepts the $10,000 price and personally gave this to Alex at 1 pm on Monday. Cecil on the other hand, sent a fax message to Alex on Monday morning at 9:mama asking if he wants the $10,000 to be paid in queue or cash. Alex received the fax message but never replied. At pm the same day Alex was personally handed a letter of acceptance by Cecil. Alex refused to sell the furniture to Betty and Cecil and has sold them to Debbie for $15,000. Advise Betty and Cecil whether they can sue Alex for breach of contract. 3. Matthew made an offer to Mark to sell him a computer. This offer was made by telephone on ten 1st AT January. He tool Mark to Tax Nils acceptance on ten 2nd AT January if he was interested. At 8:00 am on the 2nd of January, Mark faxed a letter asking Matthew if a printer was included in the sale. Matthew immediately left to the country to acquire a printer without responding to the fax. He did not return until the 5th of January. Meanwhile, on the 2nd of January at about pm, Mark faxed an acceptance letter. When Matthew returned on the 5th he saw the fax. He telephoned Mark and informed him that he had sold the computer to his friend in he country on the 3rd because he thought Mark was no longer interested. Advise Matthew and Mark. 4. Heartless Enterprises Co. Sent a letter to Septum offering him $200,000 to pay for his sons Tech fees. The letter stated that Septum should: Sign in the space provided to indicate your acceptance and return by post on or before November 5. Septum looked at his calendar and realized that it was November 5th. He and his son sprinted towards the Post Office because it was closing shortly. The exertion was too much for old Septum and he suffered a heart attack. He said to his son: its too late for me now. Ail this letter before the post office closes His son fulfilled Septum dying wish and as he was leaving the post office he received a call that his father Just died. Heartless Enterprises refuses to pay the scholarship. Advise Septum son. 5. Miss Black 17 year old under-graduate of TECH who lives in Old Harbor entered into an agreement with Pacific Motors on the sale of Deadwood Racer car at $200,000. She agreed to pay for the car in installments, and after the first installment, she was allowed to the car. Four drive away Miss Black has refused to pay the subsequent installments after being informed by a friend that the car is actually worth $100,000. Presently, the car has been badly damaged due to an accident she had with it. She has refused to repair the car and return it to Pacific M otors. 6. Peter advertised his bike for sale in the newspaper. John comes in and offers to buy it for an agreed price. John asks Peter if he can pay by queue and Peter refuses. John pulls out an identification card showing the name of Mark Richards a well known collector of fine bikes. Peter smiles, shakes Johns hand and says, so pleased to meet you Mr.. Richards. He then decides to accept the queue. The queue is dishonored. Peter wants to claim his bike but does not know where to find the person to whom he sold it because he has discovered that John was an imposter. He does not report the matter to the police, nor to the motor vehicle registry, as he is morasses Tanat en NAS Eden clue I en real Mark Railcars NAS never near of John but was happy to recover his identification card from Peter. One week later, Arlene comes to Peter offering to sell him a bike. When Peter checks the serial number and discovers that it is the bike that he sold to the impostor. Peter would like to claim the bike from Arlene. Advise Peter. 7. Patrick advertised a Christmas sale in a local newspaper as follows: Grand Exams sale, appliances at give away price. First 10 customers will get free electronic ovens. The day the advertisement was published, Mary responded to it by faxing a letter of acceptance and Jane also visited the store and bought a deep freezer, She was the fifth customer that morning. Meanwhile, Patrick discovered that he was unable to obtain the electric ovens at a cheap price due to a fire accident at his suppliers warehouse. Patrick therefore placed another advertisement the next day canceling he free gift and apologizing for inconveniences. Mary and Jane are insisting that they are entitled to the free oven. Advise Mary and Jane. 8. Dan wrote Mark offering to sell him a block of shares in Muss bus Ltd. In his letter which arrived on Tuesday, Dan asked Mark to let me know by next Saturday. On Thursday, Mark posted a reply accepting the offer. At pm on Friday, Mark changed his mind and telephoned Dan. Dan was not at home but his voice mail recorded Marks message stating that he wished to withdraw his acceptance. On Monday, Dan opened Marks letter which arrived that morning. Advise Dan. 9. Harry sent email messages to his customers informing them of his new arrivals. The emails listed various appliances with their prices. Mary, a retailer, one of Harry regular customers was one of the recipients of the email. She responded to the email informing Harry that she wanted 10 microwave ovens and suggested in her letter that Harry should reduce his listed price from $4,000 to $3,000 for each oven. Paul, another retailer, responded to the email by asking for further specifications on ten Nat screen television on ten last. Betty, a 16 year old student who lives with Paul also saw the email and she plied placing an order for a CD player at the listed price at the listed price hoping that her parents would pay for it. Harry did not reply to Mary and Paul and they subsequently sent Harry cheeses for the microwave ovens and the flat screen TV at the listed price, which Harry contends he never received. Harry also sent his deliveryman to deliver the CD player to Betty. Betty asked the man to come back the next day for the purchase money The next day, Betty returned the CD player damaged and refused to pay for it. Advise Harry on his rights and liabilities. 10. On the 1st of June, Alex telephoned Mary telling her he may be selling his only car because of the constant mechanical problems the car was having. On the 3rd of June, Mary posted a letter of acceptance informing Alex that she would pay $100,000 for the car. Alex received the letter of acceptance five days later on the 8th of June. On the 9th of June, Mary was given a contract by Tech for the supply of eight computers and she verbally offered Alex that they would perform the contract together as partners and share the profit. Alex immediately accepted and being very happy, he promise to sell Mary the car for $50,000. 0. Two days later, Alex changed his mind about selling the car. Mary is angry with Alex and intends to sue Alex for breach of contract based on her acceptance of 3rd of June. She is also contending that sharing the Tech contract with Alex is consideration for the car. She has threatened Alex saying no car, no contract. Alex on the other hand is contending that there is a contract between himself and Mary to share the Tech contract and he intends to sue Mary for breach of contract. Advise both parties. 1 1 . Tech invites tenders in the newspaper advertisement of 1st of May 2004. The advertisement stated that the successful tendered would cater for the Universitys guests at the 31st anniversary banquet. The advertisement also stated that all tenders must be received on or before pm on the 7th of May 2004. Betty who lives in Montage Bay mailed her tender at the Montage Bay Post Office on ten 2nd AT May. I en mall was receiver Dye a secretary on ten TN AT May out It was not opened and its contents were not known until the 8th of May because the envelope was not marked tender as the advertisement stated. Bob faxed a letter to Tech on the 2nd of May asking for further information to be .NET to him. No further information was sent by Tech and he eventually faxed his tender on the 7th of May at pm. His fax machine showed that the fax was sent but Tech contends that no fax was received. Bee telephoned Tech on the 2nd of May and left a message on the answering machine, which was not retrieved until the 9th of May. Meanwhile, Tech cancelled its invitation to tender by advertisement in the same newspaper on the 4th of May. Neither Betty, Bob nor Bee saw the second advertisement and each of them now contends that Tech is bound to give them the job because they have a valid contract. Advise Tech, Betty, Bob and Bee on all issues raised. 12. Joseph, a banking student at Tech, rents a hotel suite at Slippers, an all inclusive vacation resort for $20,000 for one night. He obtains a receipt from the receptionist at the front desk, which he immediately gives to his matte, Angier B. She reads it and puts it in her bosom. The receipt states for conditions see notice. Joseph later discovers that his all-inclusive suite consists of a bare dingy room with a small bed. Upon the bed post is a notice which states: The owners of Slippers will not be responsible for any loss of personal property r disappointment whatsoever or howsoever arising and shall require additional pay for effective security. Joseph subsequently realizes that the door to the suite cannot be closed and Angier B now complains that her Jewelry worth $20,000 which she left in the room is missing. Advise Joseph. 13. Jane who is migrating made an offer to sell her antique furniture to Betty for $1 M negotiable and also made an offer to sell her 2004 BMW car to Mary her older sister for $1. MM not negotiable. Both letters were posted on the 1st of October. Betty received the letter on the 5th of October and immediately responded by posting a teeter of acceptance the same day. Her letter stated that she would purchase the furniture for $1. M on the condition that Jane delivers the furniture at her antique shop located at Angrier. Jane did not receive the letter because it was delivered to the wrong address. On the 10th of October, Jane telephoned Betty informing her that she could no longer wait for Bettys response and that she had decided to sell the furniture to someone else. Jane hung up the phone before Betty got a chance to respond. Mary who also received Canes letter on the 5th immediately responded by $1. M for it; because Jane was not expecting an email from any one she did not check her email immediately. Mary waited a couple of days without getting a response fro, Jane. Not wanting to loose out on the deal, she sent a subsequent email stating that she would pay $1. MM. Jane subsequently opened her email and read both Marry first and second letters. Jane who is not sure about the legal position in respect to proposed transactions with Mary and Betty consults Ducats who advises her that she cannot have a valid contract with her sister and that she should instead sell both the runtime and car to Marvin Stewart, a 17 year old under graduate and son of a well known millionaire. Advise Jane. 14. On the 1st of January, David by three separate letters informed Ann, Bee and Cathy that he was selling his 2004 BMW car for $1 M. He stated in the letter that the offer would remain open until the 8th of January. All three persons received the letters the same day the letters were sent. Ann on receiving the letter thought it was a good price. She immediately replied to David stating that she was interested in buying the card and that she wanted a BMW expert to give her his opinion on the car. She sent a queue of $100,000. 0 with her letter to show her commitment in buying the car and requesting that David should not show the car to anyone until she gives her feedback on the 8th of January. On receiving the response, David immediately lodged the queue in his bank account. Immediately Bee received the letter, she telephoned David but he was not around to take the call, she left a message on his answering stating that in her opinion the car was over priced and that she would pay $800,000 for it. Davits answering machine was faulty so he did not retrieve the message. Bee waited for Davits espouse and not wanting to loose the car left a second message on Davits answering machine that she had reconsidered her position and that she would buy the car for $1 M. David retrieved both messages left by Bee on the 3rd of January. Cathy on receiving the letter responded by posting a letter to David on the 2nd of January stating that she was willing to buy the car at the stated price of $1 M and thanking him for the offer. The letter posted by Cathy was not delivered to David until the 10th of January. On the 4th of January, Cathy sent a fax to David asking him to ignore the letter she had posted on the 2nd. Meanwhile on the 5th of January, David advertised the car for sale in the newspaper having been advised by a friend that he could get a much higher price for the car. Based on the advert by a friend that he could get a much higher price for the car for $1. 3 M. I en couple Introduced themselves as Mr.. Ana Mrs. CNN, owners AT popular supermarket chain in Kingston. David thought that Mrs.. Chin looked very young but he did not want to embarrass himself so he did not ask the couple to prove their identity. They gave David a queue for $1. MM and drove away the car. On lodging the queue, David discovered that there was no money in the account. H has also discovered that the couple he sold the car to was not Mr.. And Mrs.. Chin but Tricksters. The lady begin a 17 year old high school drop out and her 25 year old boyfriend who have been defrauding businesses in Kingston. The car has been resold to a Tech lecturer for $500,000 and the boyfriend has absconded with the money leaving the girl behind. David has located the Tech lecturer and the girl. Ann, Bee and Cathy are claiming ownership of the car and they are insisting that David should recover the car from the Tech lecturer. Advise David. 15. BBC Company Ltd. Placed an advert in the newspaper requesting interested annotators to submit tenders for the supply of 40 gallons of lubricating oil for the companys plant. The advert stated that all tenders must be received on or before October 5, 2004. Interested persons were asked to supply all relevant information including how long they have been in business. Jane saw the advert in the newspaper and on the 2nd of October, submitted a quotation of $4,000 per gallon. She stated that she has been in business for 20 years when in actual fact she has only been in business for 10 years. She personally delivered the letter to the companys main office and the company acknowledge the letter. Betty, did not read the advert but Jane gave her information about the content of the advert and she decided to submit a letter stating that she would supply the lubricating oil at $3,000 per gallon. Betty faxed her letter on Friday the 5th of October at pm after closing hours. Immediately she sent the fax, she discovered that Jane sent a quote of $4,000 and realizing the limited profit she would make from the transaction, she sent a second fax stating that she was no longer willing to supply at that price. Mary based on the advert, telephoned the company for further inquirers at am on the 5th. In ere conversation with the companys General Manager, she informed him that she can supply the lubricating oil for $1,000 per gallon. She was asked to immediately go to the companys branch office close to her and sign the companys standard form contract.

inspector calls essays

inspector calls essays It was not until I had finished typing up this document that I realised it had become quite so involved and, as a result, I run the risk of losing the interest of the reader before I have even begun. However, I trust I will be forgiven this failing for I feel that despite its length there is much in it that is of interest, even importance. Certainly, I have found that by putting all my thoughts and experiences down on paper 1 have a far more structured view of what KS4 English and English literature are all about and I can now prepare a topic or piece of literature with more confidence than I would ever have thought possible. The writing of this was undertaken at various points in the six weeks it took to complete the unit and therefore it might well appear a little disjointed. I have not spent a great deal of time on its presentation, nor is the quality of the typing anything other than acceptable. However, the strength of the document lies in its common-sense approach. Within these pages lie the answers to a number of questions which many colleagues have asked in relation to the teaching of KS4. The purpose of this document is to show how the play 'An Inspector Calls' by JB Priestley can be studied as part of a combined GCSE English/Literature course, fulfilling a number of the requirements of both syllabuses. When choosing a piece of literature, the most important consideration is what area of the literature syllabus you intend to concentrate on. All literature texts should be looked at in light of one or more of the following areas of study: I have decided to concentrate on 'Plot and Structure' and ' Characterisation', although all the other categories could be covered. I always feel a little uncomfortable studying 'Style' with anything other than a top group so I would tend to steer clear of that. The group I will be preparing work for is a Division 1 group of average ability, either Year 10 or Year 11. It is hard to envisag...

Marketing Plan III Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan III - Research Paper Example Though obesity is not a disease in itself but it causes heart issues and diabetes and this fact is very well known to the non-Hispanic higher age population (Overweight and Obesity 2012). Zero calorie beer has been developed for a distinct class of people who are health conscious and do not want to add unwanted calorie in their body. In this perspective, Anheuser-Busch wants to position and canvass the newly developed zero calorie beer among this class of people highlighting salient features and attributes of this product (Anheuser-busch, 2012). MillerCoors is the most formidable of the competitor in the market and Anheuser-Busch has taken extra care to differentiate this new product from any of the MillerCoors’ products so that it can be distinguished clearly by the discerning class of consumers (MillerCoors 2012). None of the MillerCoors’ product offers so low a calorie as offered by this zero calorie beer product of Anheuser-Busch. The most important aspect is that the alcohol % by volume is still above 4 percent (to be precise 4.2%) and enough to give not only a bang of beer but in look, color and froth too it resembles pure beer so that there is no resistance in accepting the product. Very low Carbohydrate and protein contents at 3g and 0.5g per 12 oz. respectively highlight how the company is careful in product development to meet ultimate needs of the health-conscious

Bob Knowlton Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bob Knowlton - Case Study Example From tniks study it is clear that Bob should have been adequately prepared for the changes within the organization. Jerrold should have had communication with Bob outside of the work setting and possibly identified Bob's emotional problem with Fester. Communication between Bob and Jerrold was always focused on work and tasks that limited bob's ability to express his discomfort about Fester to Jerrold.As the discussion stresses it is important for members of staff to be involved in team building activities. Before Fester's arrival, the members of the lab did not have team building activities. Emphasis was put on tasks at the lab, and there was no cohesiveness between the staff. The relationships of the staff do not exist outside of the workplace, and this hinders the interpersonal development between the individuals of the group. As a result, the individuals of the group do not feel empowered, and this is worsened by the arrival of Fester. The group members feel that Fester is getting preferential treatment by Jerrold. Jerrold, on the other hand, does not efficiently communicate the role he has planned for Fester, leaving Bob feeling undermined and threatened as the leader of the lab.  Jerrold's passive leadership does not adequately prepare members of the lab for a change. Before Fester's arrival, Bob feels empowered and a valued member of the lab.  Bob was not aware of Fester's hiring and is taken by surprise. He was neither informed nor prepared for this change.

Coach Johnson Essay Example for Free

Coach Johnson Essay 1.Some Various forms of power include coercive, compliance gaining, expert, and reward power (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg. 229-230). The kind of power that Coach Johnson has on his team very to comply with coach Johnson’s goals like going to the championships. 2.The turning point was when Gilbert decided to go talk to Coach Johnson because from there and on Coach Johnson yelled at gilbert had a bad conversation. Yes I think it was the same turning point for Coach Johnson because he felt more frustrated because he does not like people telling how to run things. If one has a positive turning point and the other has a negative, the person with the positive turning point might be calmer and actually talk things out. 3.The turmoil stage, the conflict was increase and unclear relationship happened when Gilbert approach the Coach. The stagnation stage, communication declined and both took each other for granted because they were mad at each other, Gilbert because he wanted more playing time and Coach Johnson because he doesn’t like people telling him how to run things. The de-intensification stage, decreased interaction and distance both were to mad at each other that they didn’t want to talk. The individualization stage, when both are more individual than being more of a team. The separation stage, when they try to eliminate further communication between them, this is when Coach Johnson decides to put James over Gilbert. The final stage is post-interaction stage, this happened when gilbert wants to quit the team and go his separate way. (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg. 263-265) 4.Social exchange theory is an economic model of human behavior used to explain how people arrive at decisions, posits that people seek the greatest amount of reward with the least amount of cost (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg.267). Well the cost would be the relationship and the rewards would be the rewards you are gaining from the relationship. Coach Johnson decided to put James in instead of Gilbert because he was not gaining any rewards from Gilbert because Gilbert was not playing good. 5.Attitude can be communicated verbally when Gilbert talked back to his coach. Attitude can also be communicated verbally when Gilbert talked back to his coach. Attitude can also be communicated non-verbally, this happened when his teammates seen Gilbert always mad through his face expression. Attitude affects long term relationships because when people have an attitude they tend to say things they don’t  mean. Gilbert might want to recognize his mistakes in the games and work harder and talk to Coach Johnson when he is calmer and relaxed, Gilbert should also apologizing to his team for not being his best on team.

Gay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay -- Homosexuality same-sex couples

On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages really be allowed? Has the Supreme Court ruled in error? Gay marriage should be legal because all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. The first reason why same sex marriage should be legal is because it is fair for all individuals to have the same rights in society. With the end of sodomy laws, a recent decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, conservatives have lost their last excuse to write off gay lives and love as unworthy of social accommodation. But whatever ones feel about the reasoning of the decision, its results is clear: gay Americans are no longer criminals. Even if they were, as murderers on death row that have the constitutional right to marriage, they should have too. The second objection about why same sex marriage should be legal is because a same sex couple can really constitute a good based family, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics that has recognized that gay households can be just as loving and supportive an environment for raising children as the straight kind. Opponen...

The Effects of Clinical Instructors on Nursing Students

The effects of nurse instructors – or preceptors, as they are called in the nursing field — on nursing students in clinical settings can range from helpful to detrimental. Depending on the preceptor, the student may come away from the clinical teaching experience either confident or uncertain about herself as a nurse and her skills and may view nursing as either a positive or negative experience. Effective characteristics of clinical instructors in nursing are applicable to other health areas, such as physical therapy, radiography, and speech pathology. Confidence †¢ Most students who are beginning clinical instruction are anxious. They are afraid they won't perform procedures on their patients adequately and that they will make mistakes that might cause patient suffering. An effective instructor will develop a relationship with the student that is reassuring, nurturing and confidence-building. He will praise good work and create an atmosphere in which the student is allowed to make mistakes, learn from them and develop initiative. Role Model †¢The effective clinical instructor is a role model for the clinical student. She performs patient care with the student, observing or participating in accordance with established standards. The instructor exhibits leadership skills by delegating tasks, setting priorities and making decisions. The student, observing this role model, will identify with the instructor and work to imitate the skills exhibited. Relationship †¢The relationship the instructor develops with the student is critical for effective instruction. The instructor should be available to the student for questions and advice by providing a phone number for the student with questions, concerns or anxieties. The instructor should develop, with the student's input, regularly scheduled conferences to provide feedback on the student's progress, discuss student objectives and consider how they are being met. The instructor also should praise the student's good work and point out problems. Negativity †¢An instructor that is negative about nursing, the clinical environment and other staff members may harm the student's perception of nursing and its environment. When the instructor complains about hospital practices, the nursing profession or the clinical environment, he is encouraging the student to develop a negative attitude toward the field. As a role model, that is just what the instructor should not do.

Conceptual Cognition and Problem Solving Styles Essay

The article â€Å"Thinking† found in the Northeastern University Website presents insights regarding conceptual cognition and problem solving skills. It claims that although people may have similar concepts, we differ from each other by our conceptual cognition and problem solving styles. To elaborate, the author cites how people define concepts. It shows that people have similar concepts of things especially those perceived by sight. For instance, features including two eyes, four legs, two ears, one tail, barking, sharp teeth, etc., would definitely pertain to a dog. Likewise, a photo of a child smiling is an indication of a happy child, not a sad one. However, there are also some concepts in our society that have changed a bit but not entirely. Although they are modified through time, a certain degree of people’s cognition of the original concept remains the same. Take for example, marriage. In the past, the concept of marriage is limited to a man and a woman, but now the concept allows man to man marriage, so although the concept is altered a bit, the concept of togetherness and commitment still holds truth. Concepts are arranged into hierarchies. For instance, a bedroom is smaller than a house, and a block is smaller than a neighborhood. Applying it in the school context, there are students under one teacher, and there are teachers under one director, etc. Similarly, in the corporate scene, there are subordinates and supervisors. Moreover, concepts are formed by definition and prototype. We learn concepts as the environment define them for us. For instance as children, we were familiarized by our parents with the things in the house, such as a table and a chair. Later on when we went to our neighbor’s, we realized that tables can be in different forms or colors, but the role they play remains the same. Through definition and prototype, we obtain similar concepts of things around us. The issue of cognition is not much of a problem but problem solving styles are. The three methods to solve a problem include: trial and error, algorithms, and heuristics. In trial and error, one is bound to use more effort and time to arrive at the right answer. This method requires several trials and shortcuts, and does not guarantee giving the right answer. The second method is algorithm. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure usually involving computations. Unlike trial and error, it is methodical and guarantees arriving at the correct answer. However, since it requires a procedure, it is more time consuming than the other. The third method used to solve a problem is heuristics. This method requires â€Å"speculative formulation†¦as a guide in the investigation or solution of a problem.† (Answers.com, n.d.). It posits that the background of the matter, ie religion, society be investigated upon in order to arrive at a conclusion. Although this method is not accurate and does not guarantee a definite answer, it leads to a certain conclusion or information related to the problem. Each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. When combined, the three methods will help one arrive at a valid answer. For instance, when conducting research, it is not enough to present statistics of people experiencing a specific problem. One needs to dwell on observations, surveys, interviews, etc. to obtain a full view of the situation. Applying this to the classroom scenario, students should be taught how to apply and combine the three methods in order to facilitate problem solving tasks. Particularly, when teaching research, teachers should incorporate teaching and application of the three methods so that students will not only have options but arrive at definite and valid conclusions for their study. References Algorithm. Retrieved 5 August 2008, from http://www.answers.com/topic/algorithm Heuristic. Retrieved 5 August 2008, from http://www.answers.com/heuristic

Employee Turnover In Uk Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Employee Turnover In Uk Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays Employee Turnover In Uk Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Paper Employee Turnover In Uk Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Paper The human resource patterns to do effectual public presentation and cut down employee turnover in UK cordial reception industry the purpose of portion fulfillment of my MBA in human resource direction. The ground to take this subject was because the HRM patterns play a critical function for effectual public presentation and cut down employee turnover in cordial reception industry, particularly hotel sector. Every twenty-four hours life maintain changing in this modern universe and cordial reception industry is wide industry with demand of immense work force to run this industry successfully. The grounds of the cordial reception industry recorded in the ancient clip, when Mary and Joseph arrived in Bethlehem during nose count Harmonizing to the bible Mary and Joseph were refused for adjustment because of no handiness of room in hostel from the ancient clip people travelled for faith, household, wellness, in-migration, instruction and diversion. In the starting of fourteenth century monasteries were used by pilgrims and traveler, state houses by superior group of society in the UK. In the 16th seventeenth century the spa towns such as bath become popular and training hostel developed for case invitee house were used by salesman, rich rented house to remain in the UK. In eighteenth century railroads have been developed intend more people travelled all around with development of hotels. In get downing of 19th century after the industrial revolution in the UK people start acquiring first-class money, the demand for adjustment and eating houses increased. The first Indian eating house opens in 1911 and in 1906 free repasts started in school meant occupation chances increased for cooks in the state to bring forth the repasts. In 1920 the air travel become more popular over 10,000 riders travelled over European paths. In 1960-70s the bundle holydays tour go more popular and first Nipponese eating house opened in the same twelvemo nth. The first McDonalds mercantile establishment opened in 1974, with popularity of touristry in UK the boutique hotel were created in 1980. In the modern universe the cordial reception is merely non a simple word, it is one of the immense net income devising industry and there is some outstanding names globally such as intercontinental, Radisson, Marriot and Hilton etc. As United Kingdom is tourer and universe economic finish of the universe, more than 565,000 people immigrate to populate and work atleast for one twelvemonth from all over the universe in 2005 ( UKBA ) . Hospitality industry is wide and offering more than 75 occupations type in the industry. The cordial reception industry merely non include merely hotels it include 11 other sectors such as events, bars and dark nines, gaming, contract catering, rank nines, vacations Parkss, ego catering, visitant attractive force, tourers services, travel services. Hospitality industry ( particularly hotels ) plays a critical function to hike up UK economic system ; in some parts of the UK the industry is a chief beginning of income and employment. There are more than 180,000 cordial reception and leisure constitutions and employ more than 2 million people. The industry s turnover was ?65 billion in 2006, compared to ?21 billion in instruction and ?5 billion in agribusiness and fishing. In the rece nt scenario harmonizing to the oxford economic study 10 September 2010 the turnover of cordial reception industry reached ?90 billion and employ 2, 44 million occupations in the UK. If we look at the planetary prospective of cordial reception industry particularly in the hotel sector employ about 238 million people worldwide, stand foring 8.4 per centum of entire planetary employment. The hotel concern is most profit devising every bit good as labour intensifier and quality driven service industry. This is really of import for competiveness of hotel the employee should professional and skilful on their on the job country. Hotel sector need good trained employee to execute their operation swimmingly, nevertheless human resource direction section play a critical function to give time-to-time preparation harmonizing to demand of concern in the hotel. As hotel sector is most occupation oriented sector in the cordial reception industry, but there is high rate of employee turnover recorded. This is because hotel sector need high range of immature staff, who are working frequently in hotel sector ; portion time/temporary, contracted employee from private bureau for case university pupil in UK. There is some ground of employee turnover in this sector ; non competitory wage rate and benefits, unsocial working hr, deficiency of calling development and less chances of callin g growing. The employee turnover cost their company between $ US5 and $ US15 million. THE AREA OF RESEARCH As human resources direction plays really of import for effectiveness public presentation of employees in cordial reception industry and cut down employee turnover, particularly hotel sector the research will carry on on globally recognise hotel companies. These globally recognise hotel runing their operations and bring forthing good net income in United Kingdom ( UK ) such as Marriott international, intercontinental hotel corporation ( IHG ) , Hilton Hotel Corporation, Radisson, and Grand Hyatt. The country of research is human resource practise such as HRM planning, enlisting and choice process, planing preparation programme, and employee turnover in hotels etc. WHY THE Planning OF RESEARCH WORTH THE EFFORT In the recent twelvemonth the cordial reception, industry particularly hotel sector have been urged to follow a assortment of public presentation enhance HRM patterns to better their public presentation in the market ( US, section of labour 1993 ) . Such recommendation are unsurprising given that professional and faculty members have long asserted that the manner in which an administration manage people can pull strings its public presentation ( Peters and boatman s 1982 ) . In the peculiar employee engagement and occupation redesign, proper employee preparation and work based incentive straight believe to cut down the employee turnover and better the administration public presentation ( pfeffers, 1994 ) . First, the research of HRM pattern in cordial reception industry to heighten the accomplishment of any employee and better the quality of work of any single hired from outside every bit good as better the accomplishments of current employee. These all patterns helps administration to engage any single by sophisticated choice process, the research indicates that sophisticated selectivity in staffing is positively related to the public presentation of an administration ( Becker A ; huselid, 1992: Schmidt, huntsman, McKenzie, A ; Muldrow, 1979 ) . Second, administration can better the quality of employee by carry oning proper preparation and development categories after sophisticated choice process, it besides help to cut down the employee turnover, nevertheless the employee motive is besides really of import at the work topographic point for the positive results from the side of employees working in the administration. The planning of research will concentrate on the impact of incentive compensation and public presentation direction system on house public presentation ( Gerhart A ; Milkovich, 1992 ) . Protecting employee from arbitrary intervention, possibly via a formal grudges process, can besides actuate them to work ( Ichniowski, 1986 ; Ichniowski et Al, 1994 ) . Finally, the manner work topographic point is structured should straight impact the public presentation of house, if the employee is motivated and happy ; so they can do steadfast profitable by giving their best public presentation at work. The occupation security is besides can be of import factor to cut down the employee turnover and heightening the public presentation of house in the market. GAPS IN THE LITERATURE This survey is concentrated on cordial reception industry, particularly hotel sector of UK. As the UK cordial reception industry is huge, contribute to hike up economic system of state in term employment as compared to other sector such as fabrication, instruction and agribusiness etc. HRM patterns are limited that are common in cordial reception industry, particularly hotel sector while the eventuality to HRM patterns public presentation. As cordial reception industry is huge and gross bring forthing industry for state but there is large issue attach to it, the highest employee turnover recorded in this industry ; particularly hotel sector. The survey of HRM patterns will concentrate to make full the spreads in the reappraisal of literature and to the full concentrated on the relationship between HRM patterns and the administration public presentation. LINK BETWEEN PREVIOUS RESEARCHES IN HRM PRACTICES The significance full organic structure of old research in the country of HRM patterns is positively link between the impact of HRM patterns and public presentation of house. The survey focal point on the impact of a figure of HRM patterns such as compensation ( Gerhart and Trevor, 1996 ) preparation ( bartel, 1994 ) public presentation direction system ( McDonalds and Smith, 1995 ) . Other surveies report the positive impact of HRM patterns on house s public presentation ( Arthur,1994 ; Bawa,2000 ; Becker A ; Huselid,1998a ; Berg 1999 ; berg Appelbaunm, Baileys A ; Bjorkman A ; pavalovskaya,2000 ; Gelade A ; Ivery, 2003 ; Guest A ; Hoque, 1994 ; Huang, 2000 ; Huselid, 1995 ; Huselid A ; Becker, 1996 ; Ichniowski et al. , 1997 ; Ichniowski A ; Shaw, 1999 ; Jayaram, Droge A ; Vickery, 1999 ; Khatri, 2000 ; Lahteenmaki, Storey A ; Vanhala, 1998 ; MacDuffie, 1995 ; Paul A ; Anantharaman, 2003 ; Ramsay, Scholarios A ; Harley, 2000 ; Sels, DeWinne, Maes, Faems, DelMotte A ; Fo rrier, 2003 ; Wood A ; de Menezes, 1998 ; Wright, McCormick, Sherman A ; McMahon, 1999 ; Youndt, Snell, Dean A ; Lepak, 1996 ) . The most of the surveies in HRM patterns and steadfast public presentation conducted in the western portion of the universe such as US administrations and little surveies done in the UK and Europe for case ( Guest A ; Hoque,1994 ; Hoque, 1999 ) and Asia such as ( huang.2000 ; huang A ; Cullen, 2001 ; Khatri,2000 ; Mak A ; Akhtar,2003, Wan, kok A ; Ong 2002 ) . There in the same survey besides conducted by ( Bawa, 2000 ) in palm plantation estate of Malaysia. RELEVANT FRAMEWORK, MODELS AND CONCEPT As cordial reception industry wide and dynamic industry, whole over the universe and human resource direction patterns plays a critical function to do the effectual public presentation and cut down the employee turnover. These are the relevant model, theoretical accounts and construct ; Strategic Human resource direction theoretical account Recruitment and choice theoretical account Strategic Human resource direction theoretical account Strategic HRM direction is the procedure to link the map with strategic aim of house in order to better public presentation and cut down employee turnover. The SHRM theoretical account is broken in to the five activities are following ; 1 Mission and ends 2 Environmental analyses 3 Strategic preparations 4 Strategy execution 5 Strategy ratings Mission and Goals Measure 1 Environmental analysis Measure 2 Strategy preparation Measure 3 Strategic execution Measure 4 Strategic rating Measure 5 Fig 1 ; Strategic direction theoretical account Recruitment and choice theoretical account Recruitment patterns of make up ones minding what the company demand in a campaigners and inciting process to pull the most appropriates this includes ; developing occupation description and individual specification, indentifying the method to make possible campaigner and happening the manner to appeal to and pull possible campaigners. C V aggregation Requirement requisition Receptionists yes no Recruitment rounds Walk-in Self Assessment Form Trial Initiative dept/technical interview Departmental yes -no Heads HR interview papers confirmation Offer missive HR Heads yes -no Exit Fig1.1 Recruitment Flow Chart Selection Choice involved taking the right campaigners for the place from those who have been include proving and measuring the accomplishments and properties of single. The choice of the employee in the hotel should done measuring the proper accomplishments for the occupation country. All application received in human resource Interview set up and campaigners interviewed Selection commission formed and screen application Selection commission determines the successful campaigners Unsuccessful campaigners are informed by the commission president Reference cheque is complete on the successful campaigners Job offer made to successful campaigners by the hiring director or delegates Employment contracted is submitted to human resources for treating Fig 1.2 Selection Process Therefore the choice procedure method is differ by company and depends on state of affairs but there is some method in the cordial reception industry particularly hotel sector ; Interview Mention Choice trial Appraisal Centres Specific monitoring of choice Industry BACKGROUND The determination to research in cordial reception industry, particularly hotel sector due to some of import ground ; foremost hotels in the UK is boost up economic system and generate high net income by selling adjustment, nutrient and drinks and employed more than 2 million people. Second, as cordial reception industry is huge, the highest employee turnover besides recorded particularly in hotel sector. There are several surveies have been in this sector but no one done surveies to cut down the employee turnover in UK hotel sector. OUTCOMES OF RESEARCH Based on the research, a concluding decision is made that HRM patterns is of import to cut down the employee turnover and better the public presentation of administration. It can besides be concluded that HRM patterns in the cordial reception industry better the employee accomplishments and the single public presentation. It has been long and widely asserted that people are the leading administration resource and the key to accomplishing outstanding public presentation ( Peters A ; Waterman, 1982 ; preffer, 1994 ) . RESEARCH AIM The intent of the survey is to look into the relationship between HRM patterns in smell to cut down employee turnover and public presentation of cordial reception industry in the UK, particularly hotel sector. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To place and analyze the extent of HRM patterns in UK cordial reception industry particularly hotel sector. To look into the impact of HRM patterns on the public presentation of cordial reception industry To look into the HRM practise to cut down the employee turnover in the cordial reception industry of UK. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the extent of HRM pattern in UK cordial reception industry particularly hotel sector? Make HRM patterns affect steadfast public presentation and cut down employee turnover? RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis is an premise of theory we need to look into for research. On the footing of different statements we explore the undermentioned hypothesis. H1- There will be a connexion between HRM patterns to cut down employee turnover and public presentation of hotel employee in cordial reception industry. H2 There will be connexion between the observe form on HRM motive patterns and hotel employee public presentation RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data aggregation is an complicated portion of any research and it provides a significant base for accomplishing research aims and assist to turn out research hypothesis. The research objectives included in this proposal would be achieved through a mix of both primary and secondary research. Further the methodological analysis would besides imply illation of the hypothesis through collected by agencies of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The research aims mentioned supra would be accomplishable as this research used would be Database creative activity, contact methods, secondary informations reappraisal and batch of primary informations techniques would be employed. Conformity with most of the techniques and their several consequence would take to about right consequences. The purposes, as mentioned above and when achieved would assist to throw visible radiation on important facets of old and current HRM practises of UK cordial reception industry along with future range of the human resource section which really affects the whole organisation public presentation and success. Along with it, the direct personal public presentations of the employees could be assessed in a more scientific yet sensitive mode. Harmonizing to our nonsubjective set for the survey of HRM patterns in the cordial reception industry particularly hotel sector in UK, will use most of import method of research called qualitative and quantitative me thod of research. The qualitative research method consist of descriptive anthropology, participant, observation in-depth structured /semi structured of instance surveies related to our research country and quantitative method of research consists of different instance surveies, experiments, studies, company employee interviews and is based on the analysis of figure while being structured. The pick of methodological analysis deployed in the research paper would imply chiefly qualitative type of research. This is justified due to the fact that employee turnover and manpower public presentation would necessitate to understand the soft accomplishment attributes. Therefore qualitative informations would reflect how public presentation and skill keeping can be enhanced through effectual steps instead than statistics and figures ( as in quantitative informations ) that would be hard to deduce in HR footings. This paper would cover in understanding the current market practises in UK cordial reception industry, particularly in hotels. The research would be carried out in UK, chiefly in London. It would be conducted chiefly in pioneered hotels include Hilton, Radisson, Intercontinental and Marriot etc, sing the economic environment of UK, where richness in cordial reception industry is huge and with labour intensive. These hotels have been chosen due to personal innate cognition of the industry attained over a period of clip along with present interface with such an environment. This would besides assist to assist HR directors trade with abrasion and retain organisation s quality accomplishment sets in the signifier of competent employees of a specific section. It focuses on the issues presently being of high relevancy in the HR section. The research would be tried to stand up to proof with the research procedures carried during the term of office of research. The research purpose and hypothesis would be seen wholly relevant with the methodological analysiss used here. The research would besides suggest different techniques to understand employee behavior which could assist cut down employee turnover decrease. The methodological analysiss would besides assist acknowledge if the current practises are relevant in the quickly altering times and if there is some minor betterment in the preparation and steps could be taken to assist hike employee morale in the organisation. There would besides be assessment done in the field of human resource both quantitatively and qualitatively, which would guarantee a holistic apprehension of the state of affairs and therefore, better attack to improvize the scenario. TIMESCALE For the successful completion of any research, clip direction is of import to complete research on clip expeditiously. Hence it is important every bit good laid out clip program is chalked out in order to efficaciously finish this research within the said clip frame. The working on this research will get down instantly after entry of this research proposal. The research will be wholly completed within a span of 15 hebdomads. The wide implicit in activities included within the range of this research would include literature reappraisal, framing of questionnaire, framing of interview, conductivity of study through online questionnaire, conductivity of interview that would affect inputs from the above mentioned executives, informations reading, and eventually outlining of the concluding undertaking study. Given below is an activity chart that would exemplify the hebdomadal activities to be performed by the research worker. Fig 1.3 Chart of concluding thesis activities In mention to the above tabular array we see that the first five hebdomads are for carry oning the preliminary land work of the research that includes the aggregation and reappraisal of literature, framing of questionnaire and interview inquiries. The completion of the 5th hebdomad falls on the twenty-four hours when this proposal gets a feedback, i.e. 28th March 2011. Once obtaining an blessing the questionnaire will be circulated on-line and the study will be conducted in hebdomads 6, 7, 8 and 9. The interviews will besides be taken during the 9th and 10th hebdomads sooner through picture conferencing or telephonic conversation. A eventuality of one hebdomad is kept in both these activities, i.e. study and interview. There might be sudden holds in these stairss since they depend upon handiness and committedness of the above mentioned executives. The research worker originally wishes to finish the study in three hebdomads and the interview in one hebdomad. Data aggregation, mixture and reading will be done in hebdomad 10, with one hebdomad s eventuality for illations to be done. This work would be done rapidly with the aid of Different package s. The concluding bill of exchange is intended to be done in the last four hebdomads that would besides include printing, binding and entry of the bill of exchange transcript. The full research is intended to be complete in 15 hebdomads clip and ready for entry by 6th June 2011. Resources: The resources to be used for this research would be a mix of both online and offline methods. On-line DATABASES: EBSCO Host Pro-Quest University of Wales- Online Library ECSSR online portal Different research paper and articles available online. OFFLINE DATABASES Datas provided by executives employed in different hotel such as Hilton hotel London, Marriot international, and Ramada plaza London, intercontinental hotel corporation ( IHG ) , Radisson, and Grand Hyatt. Some of the informations would be refering public presentation of different hotels in the UK and the HRM patterns to do public presentation and cut down employee turnover. As I am working in the Hilton London Metropole Publishing of certain sensitive information will take topographic point upon audience between hotel functionaries and the research worker. Previous research works in HRM patterns particularly in the cordial reception industry particularly hotel sector in the UK will besides be looked upon for pulling comparings from a planetary position. These documents will be looked upon at London School of Economics Library and Hammersmith library.

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria Most bacteria are classified into two broad categories: Gram positive and Gram negative. These categories are based on their cell wall composition and reaction to the Gram stain test. The Gram staining method, developed by Hans Christian Gram, identifies bacteria based upon the reaction of their cell walls to certain dyes and chemicals. The differences between Gram positive vs Gram negative bacteria are primarily related to their cell wall composition. Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed mostly of a substance unique to bacteria known as peptidoglycan, or murein. These bacteria stain purple after Gram staining. Gram negative bacteria have cell walls with only a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane with a lipopolysaccharide component not found in Gram positive bacteria. Gram negative bacteria stain red or pink after Gram staining. Gram Positive Bacteria The cell walls of Gram positive bacteria differ structurally from the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria. The primary component of bacterial cell walls is peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a macromolecule composed of sugars and amino acids that are assembled structurally like woven material. The amino sugar component consists of alternating molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). These molecules are crosslinked together by short peptides which help give peptidoglycan strength and structure. Peptidoglycan provides protection for bacteria and defines their shape. This image shows the cell wall composition of Gram positive bacteria. CNX OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0 The Gram positive cell wall has several layers of peptidoglycan. The thick layers of peptidoglycan help to support the cell membrane and provide a place of attachment for other molecules. The thick layers also enable Gram positive bacteria to retain most of the crystal violet dye during Gram staining causing them to appear purple. Gram positive cell walls also contain chains of teichoic acid that extend from the plasma membrane through the peptidoglycan cell wall. These sugar-containing polymers assist in maintaining cell shape and play a role in proper cell division. Teichoic acid helps some Gram positive bacteria to infect cells and cause disease. Some Gram positive bacteria have an additional component, mycolic acid, in their cell walls. Mycolic acids produce a waxy outer layer that provides additional protection for mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gram positive bacteria with mycolic acid are also called acid-fast bacteria because they require a special staining method, known as acid-fast staining, for microscope observation. Pathogenic Gram positive bacteria cause disease by the secretion of toxic proteins known as exotoxins. Exotoxins are synthesized within the prokaryotic cell and released into the exterior of the cell. They are specific to certain bacterial stains and can cause serious damage to body organs and tissues. Some Gram negative bacteria also produce exotoxins. Gram Positive Cocci Gram positive cocci refer to Gram positive bacteria that are spherically shaped. Two genera of Gram positive cocci noted for their role as human pathogens are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Staphylococcus are spherical in shape and their cells appear in clusters after they divide. Streptococcus cells appear as long chains of cells after division. Examples of Gram positive cocci that colonize the skin include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus (round) bacteria that is found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and many animals. The bacteria are usually harmless, but infections can occur on broken skin or within a blocked sweat or sebaceous gland, resulting in boils, pustules and abscesses. Paul Gunning/Science Photo Library/Getty Images While all three are part of the normal human microbiota, they can cause disease under certain conditions. Staphylococcus epidermidis form thick biofilms and can cause infections associated with implanted medical devices. Some Staphylococcus aureus strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have become resistant to antibiotics and can lead to the development of serious illness. Streptococcus pyogenes can cause strep throat, scarlet fever, blood poisoning, and flesh-eating disease. Gram Negative Bacteria Like Gram positive bacteria, the Gram negative bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. However, the peptidoglycan is a single thin layer compared to the thick layers in Gram positive cells. This thin layer does not retain the initial crystal violet dye but picks up the pink color of the counterstain during Gram staining. The cell wall structure of Gram negative bacteria is more complex than that of Gram positive bacteria. Located between the plasma membrane and the thin peptidoglycan layer is a gel-like matrix called periplasmic space. Unlike in Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane layer that is external to the peptidoglycan cell wall. Membrane proteins, murein lipoproteins, attach the outer membrane to the cell wall. This image shows the cell wall composition of Gram negative bacteria. CNX OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0 Another unique characteristic of Gram negative bacteria is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on the outer membrane. LPS is a large glycolipid complex that protects bacteria from harmful substances in their environment. It is also a bacterial toxin (endotoxin) that can cause inflammation and septic shock in humans if it enters the blood. There are three components of the LPS: Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O antigen. The lipid A component attaches the LPS to the outer membrane. Attached to the lipid A is the core polyssaccharide. It is located between the lipid A component and the O antigen. The O antigen component is attached to the core polyssaccharide and differs between bacterial species. It can be used to identify specific strains of harmful bacteria. Gram Negative Cocci Gram negative cocci refer to Gram negative bacteria that are spherically shaped. Bacteria of the genus Neisseria are examples of Gram negative cocci that cause disease in humans. Neisseria meningitidis is diplococcus, meaning that its spherical cells remain in pairs after cell division. Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and can also cause septicemia and shock. Neisseria meningitidis are spherical, Gram negative bacteria which cause meningitis in humans. The bacteria are typically seen in pairs, each one concave on the side facing its partner. Health Protection Agency/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Another diplococcus bacterium, N. gonorrhoeae, is the pathogen responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram negative diplococcus that causes ear infections in children, upper respiratory system infections, endocarditis, and meningitis. Gram negative coccobacillus bacteria have bacterial shapes that are in between spherical and rod shaped. Bacteria of the genus Haemophilus and Acinetobacter are coccobacilli that cause serious infections. Haemophilus influenzae can cause meningitis, sinus infections, and pneumonia. Acinetobacter species cause pneumonia and wound infections. Key Points: Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria Most bacteria can be broadly classified as Gram positive or Gram negative.Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed of thick layers of peptidoglycan.Gram positive cells stain purple when subjected to a Gram stain procedure.Gram negative bacteria have cell walls with a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The cell wall also includes an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules attached.Gram negative bacteria stain pink when subjected to a Gram stain procedure.While both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria produce exotoxins, only Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins. Sources Silhavy, T. J., et al. The Bacterial Cell Envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 2, no. 5, 2010, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414.Swoboda, Jonathan G., et al. Wall Teichoic Acid Function, Biosynthesis, and Inhibition. ChemBioChem, vol. 11, no. 1, June 2009, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1002/cbic.200900557.